This conversation between a Google Chief Technologist and a Freakonomics author critiques the conventional wisdom in education, arguing that the current system is fundamentally outdated and needs a radical overhaul. The speakers emphasize a shift from "just in case learning," which forces students to memorize facts, to "just in time learning," which equips them with the skills to adapt and acquire knowledge as needed in a rapidly changing world. A central solution proposed is the immediate adoption of AI tutors for every student, as technology, particularly AI, can drastically reduce the time spent on basic curriculum through mastery learning and free up teachers to act as motivators and guides rather than rote instructors. Ultimately, the goal is to utilize AI to handle the "have to" component of education efficiently, allowing human interaction to focus on fostering curiosity, excitement about the world, and deep connection with students.